Qu’elles soient locales, nationales ou internationales, les mobilisations et les contestations liées à l’alimentation regroupent un large éventail de pratiques allant des actions collectives de producteurs ou de consommateurs aux mouvements sociaux et politiques structurés. À partir d’une définition large et inclusive de la notion de, ce texte explore diverses formes, conceptions et pratiques du food activism observables en Europe. Comment pouvons-nous analyser le food activism et quelles sont ses limites ? Quels types d’économie imaginent ou pratiquent les food activists ? Quels types de positions défendent-ils et quelles stratégies mettent-ils à l’œuvre en Europe ? À partir de deux cas d’étude – le mouvement international Slow Food et les systèmes de paniers de légumes de type AMAP –, il s’agira d’avancer quelques hypothèses concernant les paradigmes et les pratiques de ces activismes. Interroger le food activism nous permet de comprendre non seulement les changements qui affectent dans le temps ces formes de mobilisation et leurs objectifs, mais aussi les liens et connexions entre différents types d’activismes liés à la sphère de l’alimentation. Cela nous conduit parallèlement à interroger nos propres paradigmes et nos propres pratiques de recherche.
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« Food activism » en Europe : changer de pratiques, changer de paradigmes
27 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY -
Should we go “home” to eat ? : toward a reflexive politics of localism
3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY“Coming home to eat” [Nabhan, 2002. Coming Home to Eat : The Pleasures and Politics of Local Foods. Norton, New York] has become a clarion call among alternative food movement activists. Most food activist discourse makes a strong connection between the localization of food systems and the promotion of environmental sustainability and social justice. Much of the US academic literature on food systems echoes food activist rhetoric about alternative food systems as built on alternative social norms. New ways of thinking, the ethic of care, desire, realization, and vision become the explanatory factors in the creation of alternative food systems. In these norm-based explanations, the “Local” becomes the context in which this type of action works. In the European food system literature about local “value chains” and alternative food networks, localism becomes a way to maintain rural livelihoods. In both the US and European literatures on localism, the global becomes the universal logic of capitalism and the local the point of resistance to this global logic, a place where “embeddedness” can and does happen. Nevertheless, as other literatures outside of food studies show, the local is often a site of inequality and hegemonic domination. However, rather than declaim the “radical particularism” of localism, it is more productive to question an “unreflexive localism” and to forge localist alliances that pay attention to equality and social justice. The paper explores what that kind of localist politics might look like.
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L’alimentation au cœur des sociabilités ville-campagne. L’exemple des marchés fermiers comme formes d’interactions entre populations agricoles et touristiques
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYL’expérience alimentaire associée au tourisme semble être le lieu de multiples aspirations et représentations, notamment en espace rural, donnant lieu à de nouvelles pratiques, offres et filières situées parfois en marge d’un développement touristique plus institutionnalisé. C’est le cas de l’agritourisme, défini comme l’ensemble des activités touristiques pratiquées sur une exploitation agricole et présenté comme moyen de diversification aux bénéfices multiples. Considérant le décalage entre perceptions du monde agricole et réalité du terrain, l’agritourisme, à travers la valorisation de produits agricoles et alimentaires, est analysé comme un moyen de renouer le dialogue et de tisser des liens entre population agricole et société civile. En encourageant un public de non-initiés à réfléchir et à penser l’agriculture, en valorisant des images et des pratiques spécifiques, mais aussi en partageant des valeurs et des visions contrastées du monde agricole et rural, les agriculteurs, à travers la valorisation de leurs produits agricoles et alimentaires, sont au cœur de processus d’interactions. Cette contribution vise ainsi, avec l’exemple des marchés fermiers, à questionner l’alimentation comme vecteur de nouvelles formes de sociabilités entre ville et campagne. L’analyse se base sur une étude exploratoire conduite en 2015 dans la région Midi-Pyrénées (France) auprès d’agriculteurs et d’agricultrices proposant des marchés sur leur exploitation agricole.
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Small farm production and the standardization of tropical products
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYThis paper explores the historical relations between labour organization and product qualification in the production of tropical agricultural exports. In supplying international markets for tropical products, peasant farming emerged as the norm for labour organization after the First World War, competing with the large plantations and different systems of forced labour. During the same period, national standards became the dominant tool for product qualification of commodities traded on the global agricultural markets. These standards allow the creation of futures markets and the emergence of traders, instead of auction markets and commission merchants : two changes that were the basis of the subsequent international marketing of peasant-produced commodities. The last part of the paper considers the potential consequences of the current erosion of standards for the position of peasants in tropical export crop cultivation.
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Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States
3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYThis paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet, sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e., that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision). Our results suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on rates of adult obesity (p values ranged from 0.00 to 0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in counties with greater income inequality (p < 0.05) and where residents are less mobile (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, local government policies such as zoning laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as strategies to increase health equity.