L’évolution de l’élevage et la construction des « productions animales » se sont appuyées sur un changement drastique du statut de l’animal d’élevage. À partir du milieu du 19e siècle en France, la zootechnie l’a déconstruit en tant qu’animal et en a fait une « bête » : chose, outil, matière, minerai. Considérés ainsi par les procédures du travail en systèmes industriels et intensifiés, les animaux d’élevage n’en sont pas moins supposés faire preuve d’intelligence, le travail ne pouvant se faire sans leur collaboration, voire sans leur coopération. Les vaches, les truies, ne sont donc pas si « bêtes » et la majorité des éleveurs qui, au quotidien, travaillent avec elles en sont intimement convaincus. Les animaux résistent à la bêtise, persistent dans leur être animal et leur désir de vivre en relation au monde. C’est bien cette résistance, jugée nuisible à la productivité, qui conduit aujourd’hui à robotiser le travail et à accélérer l’entreprise techno-biologique de réification des animaux d’élevage.
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L’animal d’élevage n’est pas si bête
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY -
Approche sociologique des néophobies alimentaires chez l’enfant
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYÀ partir d’une interrogation sur les enfants autistes, leurs singularités alimentaires ainsi que les difficultés et les ajustements pour l’entourage nourricier autour des repas, les auteurs, sociologues, questionnent les évolutions du répertoire alimentaire et plus particulièrement la phase de la néophobie. Ce travail examine la simultanéité et la complémentarité des processus de socialisation et d’individuation dans les évolutions des pratiques alimentaires des enfants. S’interroger en articulant les approches psychologique et sociologique permet d’explorer les soubassements des normes. Et aussi de distinguer la perspective phylogénétique à tendance universalisante de la néophobie de l’enfant dans le cadre de l’ontogénèse.
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A conceptual model of the food and nutrition system
27 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYThe integrated model developed here included three subsystems (producer, consumer, nutrition) and nine stages (production, processing, distribution, acquisition, preparation, consumption, digestion, transport, metabolism). The integrated model considers the processes and transformations that occur within the system and relationships between the system and other systems in the biophysical and social environments. The integrated conceptual model of the food and nutrition system presents food and nutrition activities as part of a larger context and identifies linkages among the many disciplines that deal with the food and nutrition system.
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Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYThe relationship between the global food system and the worldwide rapid increase of obesity and related diseases is not yet well understood. A reason is that the full impact of industrialized food processing on dietary patterns, including the environments of eating and drinking, remains overlooked and underestimated. Many forms of food processing are beneficial. But what is identified and defined here as ultra-processing, a type of process that has become increasingly dominant, at first in high-income countries, and now in middle-income countries, creates attractive, hyper-palatable, cheap, ready-to-consume food products that are characteristically energy-dense, fatty, sugary or salty and generally obesogenic. In this study, the scale of change in purchase and sales of ultra-processed products is examined and the context and implications are discussed. Data come from 79 high- and middle-income countries, with special attention to Canada and Brazil. Results show that ultra-processed products dominate the food supplies of high-income countries, and that their consumption is now rapidly increasing in middle-income countries. It is proposed here that the main driving force now shaping the global food system is transnational food manufacturing, retailing and fast food service corporations whose businesses are based on very profitable, heavily promoted ultra-processed products, many in snack form.
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Insécurité alimentaire et/ou précarité alimentaire, démocratie alimentaire… de quoi parle-t-on ?
3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYL’alimentation est un marqueur de la pauvreté qui met au jour des inégalités sociales invisibles. Deux concepts s’y côtoient, celui d’insécurité alimentaire (qui mobilise les professionnels de la santé et les experts des pays du Sud) et celui de précarité alimentaire (qui mobilise les acteurs de l’action sociale et les institutions publiques). Alors que les revendications citoyennes sont de plus en plus importantes, on peut noter un manque de prise en compte des enjeux démocratiques dans les dispositifs d’aide alimentaire en France. Dans ce contexte, la démocratie alimentaire apparait être un concept clef pour aller vers une alimentation pour et par tous et non plus simplement une aide alimentaire.
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Does participating in community gardens promote sustainable lifestyles in urban settings ? Design and protocol of the JArDinS study.
10 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYDespite growing evidence for the multiple health benefits of community gardening, longitudinal studies based on quantitative data are needed. Here we describe the protocol of JArDinS, a quasi-experimental study, aimed at assessing the impact of community garden participation (a natural experiment) in the adoption of more sustainable lifestyles.
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Improving lifestyles sustainability through community gardening : results and lessons learnt from the JArDinS quasi-experimental study.
10 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYDespite an increasing number of studies highlighting the health benefits of community gardening, the literature is limited by cross-sectional designs. The “JArDinS” quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the impact of community garden participation on the adoption of more sustainable lifestyles among French adults.
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Comment la personne se construit en mangeant
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYL’évolution de la sensation gustative, son rôle, sa place dans la genèse de la personne ainsi que dans l’établissement des conduites alimentaires normales ou déviantes, constituent un domaine dans lequel nos connaissances sont nombreuses, foisonnantes, mais aussi mal organisée, et, sur certains plans, étrangement lacunaires.
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How the microbiome challenges our concept of self
26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAYToday, the three classical biological explanations of the individual self––the immune system, the brain, the genome––are being challenged by the new field of microbiome research. Evidence shows that our resident microbes orchestrate the adaptive immune system, influence the brain, and contribute more gene functions than our own genome. The realization that humans are not individual, discrete entities but rather the outcome of ever-changing interactions with microorganisms has consequences beyond the biological disciplines. In particular, it calls into question the assumption that distinctive human traits set us apart from all other animals––and therefore also the traditional disciplinary divisions between the arts and the sciences.
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The place of food : mapping out the ‘local’ in local food systems
3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY‘Local food systems’ movements, practices, and writings pose increasingly visible structures of resistance and counter-pressure to conventional globalizing food systems. The place of food seems to be the quiet centre of the discourses emerging with these movements. The purpose of this paper is to identify issues of ‘place’, which are variously described as the ‘local’and ‘community’ in the local food systems literature, and to do so in conjunction with the geographic discussion focused on questions and meanings around these spatial concepts. I see raising the profile of questions, complexity and potential of these concepts as an important role and challenge for the scholar-advocate in the realm of local food systems, and for geographers sorting through them. Both literatures benefit from such a foray. The paper concludes, following a ‘cautiously normative’ tone, that there is strong argument for emplacing our food systems, while simultaneously calling for careful circumspection and greater clarity regarding how we delineate and understand the ‘local’. Being conscious of the constructed nature of the ‘local’, ‘community’ and ‘place’ means seeing the importance of local social, cultural and ecological particularity in our everyday worlds, while also recognizing that we are reflexively and dialectially tied to many and diverse locals around the world.